Essay BIOL121: Human Biological Science – Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System – Susan’s Blood Pressure – Biology Assignment Help

Assignment Task:

QUESTION 1

Which type of immunity is expressed in the following scenarios? Choose between:

· Non-specific (first-line defense)

· Non-specific (second-line defense)

· Specific (antibody-mediated)

· Specific (cell-mediated immunity)

QUESTION 2

Choose TWO of the below scenarios and highlight these rows bold. State which general property of adaptive immunity the scenario illustrates in the second column. Select ONE phrase (from the list below) that BEST describes what is happening at a cellular level to result in this property of adaptive immunity. Write the letter corresponding to this phrase in the third column. An example is included

Scenario General property of immunity Explanation

Even though your body contains a relatively small number of lymphocytes, your immune system can mount a response against almost any antigen it encounters. Versatility A Generally, after an initial infection, subsequent immune responses to that antigen are faster, stronger and more sustained. You can suffer from ‘the flu’ multiple times throughout your lifetime. Your immune system can distinguish between antigens on your own cells and those of an invading pathogen.

Possible phrases are listed below. Not all phrases will need to be used and only ONE phrase is required per row. If you record more than one, you will not be awarded any marks for your explanation.

There are millions of different lymphocyte populations, each of which is sensitive to a different antigen. Lymphocytes proliferate when activated by their specific antigen.

B Each T or B cell has receptors that respond to only one antigen and ignores all others. C Activated lymphocytes produce two groups of cells: one group that attacks the invader immediately, and another that remains inactive unless it is exposed to the same antigen at a later date. D Each T and B cell can recognize many antigens and respond to a wide variety of possible threats. E T cells are versatile because they produce copious quantities of antibodies that can respond to a wide variety of threats. F Phagocytes have a reduced ability to destroy pathogens during subsequent infections. G The immune response ignores self-antigens and targets non-self antigens. H B cells differentiate into T cells to create a long-lived immune response.

QUESTION 3

Which bone cells would be MOST affected by an absence of parathyroid hormone? In you answer, you must explain the relationship between these cells and any subsequent effect upon blood calcium levels.

QUESTION 4

Define hypertrophy and use an example to explain how this term relates to skeletal muscle tissue.

QUESTION 5

Think about how the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system acts to maintain normal blood pressure. Susan has sustained damage to her adrenal glands. Consequently, her circulating levels of aldosterone are abnormally low. What do you expect the lack of aldosterone to do to Susan’s blood pressure? Explain your answer

QUESTION 6

Tasma is enjoying a night out at the pub with her friends. It is well established that alcohol inhibits the secretion of ADH. Explain how this will affect her urine output.

QUESTION 7

Haemophilia is the oldest known hereditary bleeding disorder. Explain why hemophilia is more commonly seen in males.

QUESTION 8

Describe the changes in volume and pressure inside the chest cavity during a normal, quiet inhalation.

A. Explain why these changes are occurring, and the effect upon airflow.

B. Is quiet inhalation an active process? Briefly explain your answer