Essay BIOL121: Role of Osteoblasts – Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) – Nursing Assignment Help

Assignment Task:

QUESTION 1: IMMUNE SYSTEM (1.5 MARKS) 

Which type of immunity is expressed in the following scenarios? Choose between: 

• Non-specific (first line defence) 

• Non-specific (second line defence) 

• Specific (antibody-mediated) 

• Specific (cell-mediated immunity) 

QUESTION 2: IMMUNE SYSTEM 

Choose TWO of the below scenarios and highlight these rows bold. State which general property of adaptive immunity the scenario illustrates in the second column. Select ONE phrase (from the list below) that BEST describes what is happening at a cellular level to result in this property of adaptive immunity. Write the letter corresponding to this phrase in the third column. An example is included. 

QUESTION 3: BONES  

Describe the role of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in the regulation of blood calcium ion concentration. You must include the role of the relevant hormones for full marks. 

QUESTION 4: MUSCLES 

Define atrophy and use an example to explain how this term relates to skeletal muscle tissue. 

QUESTION 5: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 

Think about how the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system acts to maintain normal blood pressure. Susan has sustained damage to her adrenal glands. Consequently, her circulating levels of aldosterone are abnormally low. What do you expect the lack of aldosterone to do to Susan’s blood pressure? Explain your answer. 

QUESTION 6: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (2 MARKS) AND URINARY SYSTEM 

Tasma is enjoying a night out at the pub with her friends. It is well established that alcohol inhibits the secretion of ADH. Explain how this will affect her urine output. 

QUESTION 7: GENETICS 

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is recessive sex (or X)-linked disorder, which causes muscle degeneration and premature death. A couple is pregnant with a boy and neither has DMD. The father’s family has no history of DMD, but the mother is unsure of her genetic family history as she was adopted. The mother decides to take advantage of some of the new genomic screening tests and learns information about a large number of her genes. She finds that she is a carrier of the DMD- affected allele. 

A. What is the mother’s genotype? Explain your reasoning. 

B. What is the father’s genotype? Explain your reasoning. 

C. Explain why DMD is more common in males than females 

QUESTION 8: RESPIRATORY 

Describe the changes in volume and pressure inside the chest cavity during a normal, quiet exhalation. 

A. Explain why these changes are occurring, and the effect upon airflow. 

B. Is quiet exhalation an active process? Briefly explain your answer. 

QUESTION 9: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM  

A. Complete the below table of partial pressures in external respiration. 

pO2 (mmHg) pCO2 (mmHg) 

Alveoli 

Capillary 

B. Use the figures above to explain how differences in partial pressures drive the direction of gas movement between the blood and alveoli. 

QUESTION 10: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 

A person with type B blood has been involved in a car accident and excessive bleeding necessitates a blood transfusion. Due to an error by a careless laboratory technician, the person is given type A blood. Explain what will happen. 

QUESTION 11: CARDIOVASCULAR 

To maintain adequate circulation, the average resting heart rate of a healthy non-athletic person is between 60-90 beats/minute. However, a trained athlete’s heart rate is usually about 40 beats/min (sometimes as low as 30 bpm!). Despite this, adequate circulation is maintained in these athletes. Using the terms cardiac output and stroke volume, explain how this is possible. 

QUESTION 12: CARDIOVASCULAR 

A. The Wigger’s diagram (below) represents pressure and volume relationships in the left side of the heart during one cardiac cycle. To answer this question, you should focus on the changes in pressure in different chambers of, or vessels leading from, the left side of the heart. 

For TWO of the labelled points, the state which valve is open/closed at that time. Highlight your chosen point in bold. You must also explain WHY that valve opened/closed and where the blood is flowing immediately after this point in time, due to the change in position of the valve. An example is provided.