Essay Introduction to Epidemiology – HealthStats NSW (2015) – HIV Virus – Nursing Assignment Help

Assignment Task:

Question 1:

In 2012, a group of 4,233 men and women aged 20 years were recruited from the general population and assessed for HIV virus. 288 participants were found to have HIV when tested at baseline. Participants who did not test positive for HIV in 2012 were followed-up and assessed again after 4 years of follow-up (only those who previously had tested negative for HIV were tested again at follow-up). A further 99 cases of HIV were identified during this 4 year period, either diagnosed during the interim or diagnosed during the study assessment. (It is assumed that once participants contract HIV they remain HIV positive without recovery

(a) What was the prevalence of  HIV among study participants in 2012?

(b) What was the prevalence of HIV among study participants after 4 years of follow-up? Assume no loss to follow-up.

(c) What was the cumulative incidence of HIV among study participants over the study period?

(d) Calculate the total number of person-years at risk during the 4 year period. (Assume that HIV was acquired randomly during the 4 year period. That is, those who acquired  HIV were at risk for half the time of those who did not acquire HIV.

(e) What was the incident rate (incidence density) of HIV among participants for the 4 years.

(f) Assuming that the incidence rate of HIV remains constant, what should happen to the prevalence of HIV in this cohort over time?

Question 2:

“Data from HealthStats NSW (2015) are provided below. Use these data to answer the following questions”. 

Number of people with type 2 diabetes	756,507
Deaths from type 2 diabetes related causes	5,025
Death from all causes in NSW	49,607
Total population of NSW	9,006,043

1. Calculate all-cause mortality rate?
2. Calculate diabetes-specific mortality rate
3. Calculate diabetes case fatality rate ?

Question 3:

“The following table presents hypothetical data of the incidence of breast cancer in women in two states (light grey City A- dark grey City B”

City A	women population	Number of breat cancers in	City B	women population	Number of breast cancer	World Standard population
	In 2010	2010		In 2010	2010
women
20-44	400,000	50		200,000	80	74,000
45-64	175,000	250		400,000	1000	19.000
65+	125,000	350		100,000	2500	7000
	700,000	650		700,000	3,580	100,000

a.“Calculate the crude rates of breast cancer per 100,000 women in each city. Compare the results.”

b“Calculate the direct standardised incidence rates of breast cancer for women living in city A and in city B using the world standard population (given in the last column).  Compare the two results and interpret your findings.”

c.“Based on the data you have just calculated would you say that age structure can explain the differences between the two cities in crude breast cancer? Justify”

Question 4:

(a) What is the study type that generated this figure? 

(b) What are the key features that led you to this choice 

(c) What is the main message from this graph, in your own words?  

Question 5:

“Investigators wishes to examine if delaying the age of having first child is associated with higher incidence of breast cancer in young women 18-40 years old.”

1. Propose an epidemiological study design to explore this question and justify why you chose this design?
2. Assuming you are one of the investigators – please provide a short description about the participants in the study, what data you will need to collect to answer your research question and at which time point you collect this data    
3. What other study design you can consider for this research question and explain why you chose it