Essay Effects of Regularly Eating Kale – Data Analyses – Statistics Assignment Help

Assignment Task

Question 1: As a health and fitness enthusiast you are interested in the effects of regularly eating kale (also known as leaf cabbage), even though you don’t particularly like the taste of your daily kale smoothie. A close friend reports an improvement in their depression with the consumption of kale. Now that you are just about to finish EPID1000, a unit you were skeptical about in the beginning and felt scared of numbers but now you realize there is always a story behind numbers and you appreciate the knowledge and skills this unit it has provided to you along with practice opportunities with lab & tutorial exercises and even with first assessment! You now feel confident you can plan a hypothetical research study to explore if regular consumption of kale really improves or even prevents depression. You consider various study designs (as below) and what each would involve in terms of participants and processes, what measures of association and effect each can provide and what could be potential bias and other (confounding) factors you should be aware of & how these could be minimized or even eliminated.
You should use the above description and points provided in the review exercise (tutorial 11) to answer this question. Please also re-visit the epidemiology ilectures which cover each design on weekly basis.
 

Cross-sectional study
A cross sectional study aims to quantify a relationship between an exposure and a disease at one particular point in time. Within this scenario this is done through the exploration of relative risk at a 95% confidence interval. We must first obtain a random sample of those who do and do not have depression at a single point in time. We must then record their consumption behavior of kale using an interval scale (never, sometimes, often, very often). By exploring the practical significance of our results, we would be able to see that we are 95% confident that the true value for developing depression at each interval of kale consumption is between our lower and upper limits. There is potential for selection bias and information bias, results may under represent or over report inaccurate results due to the time sensitive nature of cross-sectional studies.

Question 2
Write null and a non-directional alternative hypotheses that can be tested with an Independent Samples t test. Briefly describe, and report on the equality of variance assumption. Provide complete interpretation of your results including their statistical and practical significance. You need to provide the working out for practical significance using ‘average SD’ as explained in the relevant ilecture.

Question 3
Are people more willing to travel inter-state (i.e. within Australia) for holidays than to travel overseas for holidays in near future?
Choose a suitable test to answer this question and provide a short description of your data analysis including statistical significance of your findings. No need to list or test any assumptions

Question 4
Are pet owners more willing to travel inter-state (i.e. within Australia) for holidays than those who do not currently have any pets?
Choose a suitable test to answer this question and provide a short description of your data analysis including statistical significance of your findings. No need to list or test any assumptions

Question 5
Were people generally happier before the COVID pandemic compared to their happiness during the pandemic?
Choose a suitable test to answer this question. Carry out the appropriate analyses and write a short summary of your results and conclusion. No need to list or test any assumptions
 

Question 6
Choose only those who are 26 years and younger and test the hypothesis that they come from a population in which average daily sleep time 5.5 hours per week.
Write null and alternative hypotheses.
Choose a suitable test and carry out the appropriate analyses and write a short summary of your results including their statistical significance No need to list or test any assumptions.

Question 7
Test the hypothesis that there is no significant difference in Resting Energy Expenditure among those who Strongly Agree, Agree, Disagree and Strongly Disagree to the statement Weekly quizzes helped me to keep up with the content I need to learn every week.
Choose a suitable test to answer this question. Carry out the appropriate analyses and write a short summary of your results and conclusion. Report on only those assumptions that you can report at the analysis stage.

Question 8
Is there any significant difference in text messaging behavior while driving among people with different pet preferences?
Choose a suitable test to answer this question. Carry out the appropriate analyses and write a short summary of your results and conclusion. No need to list or test any assumptions

Question 9
Participants were asked if only one wish could come true what would be that wish for them. Every participant provided one wish that was important to them and some wishes were more common than the others. Researchers collated all the responses top five responses were coded as (Variable: Top Wish & values/codes A, B, C, D and E). Your task is to use your discretion, creativity or even imagination to assign each code a hypothetical wish or a label or description, make up any whatever you think these are/can be/or should be (e.g. Assessments become extinguished specie or My two cats stop trying to kill each other!).
Please provide a suitable graph that shows labels/description for each of the five codes as wishes. There be no mark if you simply provide a suitable graph without five wishes.
(Relevant SPSS output not provided (under each question) with written answer = No mark).
This applies to Qs2-9