Assignment Task
Cervical cancer screening is available for all females between the ages 25-64 within the United Kingdom (UK) NHS cervical screening programme (NHS CCSP). The World Health Organization (2020) explains that cervical cancer screening is a test which is carried out through the method of a smear test, which detects for any abnormalities within the tissue or cells of the cervix. Foran, et al., (2015), identifies the aim of this test is to detect any precancerous change’s which is primarily caused by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and is understood to be contracted through sexual intercourse. Therefore, by attending the screening programme women are lowering their chances of a cervical cancer diagnosis. Public Health England (2019) state, through the cervical screening programme 5000 deaths annually are prevented, however, occurrences of cervical cancer is likely to rise in the older generation. Marlow, et al., (2019) agrees as the older generation are choosing not to accept the offer of screening, therefore by 2040 rates are set to increase in 60-64 year olds by 16% with 70-74 year olds seeing a 85% rise. Statistics provided by Macmillan (2019) show that women of Black and Asian ethnicity are at a higher risk of cervical cancer once they reach over the age of 65 years old compared to women of White ethnicity. Public Health England (PHE) (2018), explains since the initiation of the NHS CCSP in 1988 there has been a significant fall in the rate of deaths, however, the NHS has struggled to engage eligible women to attend screening. A research study carried out by Logan, et al., (2011) highlights non-attenders for screening tend to be women either from ethnic minority groups or those from areas of social deprivation. Marlow, et al., (2015) identifies women of ethnic minority are more likely not to attend screening due to barriers such as lack of education and understanding, fear and embarrassment of what the screening entails, availability and convenience of screening appointments. Cadman, et al., (2015) agrees low uptake of the screening process in older BAME women also seems to rely heavily on their ability to speak or read in English. In addition to a research study carried out by Marlow, et al., (2015) concurs women from the BAME community are seen to be less likely to engage in screening due to their ability to read in English therefore a written invitation in English is inadequate resulting in lack of uptake. Young, et al., (2018) study also describes the relationships between an individual and the health service seems to Word Count lack an element of trust with women feeling that their cultural and religious needs are not met, such as feeling of unease for requesting a female nurse to carry out the test, resulting in future appointments not being arranged. Young, et al., (2018) continues culturally, beliefs and attitudes towards cervical cancer is that of association with punishment from God and that it is contracted through acts of promiscuity leading to the assumption of the disease being a disease of the West. Chorley, et al., (2017) concurs culturally women from ethnic backgrounds see screening as a social threat believing attendance with the possibility of receiving a positive result could leave them being viewed by their community as promiscuous.
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